橡胶园酸性、中性土壤交换性钙、镁测定方法研究

为了获得简单、易操作、准确度高的橡胶园酸性、中性土壤交换性钙、镁测定方法,本试验通过响应面优化试验,建立称样量、提取液体积、提取方式与交换性钙测定结果之间的数学模型。结果表明：在25℃条件下,以1 mol/L的乙酸铵为土壤浸提液,称样量为2 g、提取液体积175 mL、振荡36 min,为橡胶园酸性、中性土壤的最佳提取条件。将上述条件下得到的结果与标准方法条件下得到的结果相对比,两结果的相对误差在1.25~3.04之间,均属合理范围。利用标准样品对优化方法进行试验验证,结果与推荐值相符。改进后的方法分析成本低、操作简便、测定结果准确、稳定性好,可用于橡胶园酸性、中性土壤交换性钙、镁的测定。     

Ionic Ratios and Crop Performance: II. Effects of Interactions amongst Vanadium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Calcium on Soybean Yield

Because vanadium (V) is easily reduced to a cationic form within plant cells, data from resin-extraction of soil were analysed for evidence of interactions between V and the resin-extractable concentrations of magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) on soybean seed yield. Three varieties, 9091, 9061 and 704, were grown over a 3-year period in a corn–soybean–wheat rotation. Surface soil samples (0–15 cm) were extracted with ion-exchange resins, extracts were analysed by inductively coupled plasma methods (ICP), and the results were regressed against seed yield using SAS PROC STEPWISE analysis using forward selection, backward elimination and maximum R² routines. The seed yield of each variety showed a correlation with a unique set of resin-extractable concentrations of V, phosphorus (P), Mg and Ca, and the V:(V + P), Mg:(Mg + Ca), Mg:(Mg + 1000 V) and Ca:(Ca + 1000 V) ratios. Variety 9091 was most sensitive to the Mg:(Mg + Ca) ratio. Variety 9061 was most sensitive to extractable V and to the V:(V + P) ratio. Variety 704 was sensitive to extractable P, V and Ca and the Mg:(Mg + 1000 V) ratio. For variety 9091, Mg fertilization (not currently practised) may be an economical practice, whereas P fertilization of 704 may not be economical. Each regression technique varied slightly in identification of important factors in seed yield. Concentrations and ratios of resin-extractable elements in soil provide insights into optimal genotype selection and possible management alternatives for a given soil.     

差异显示法研究不同锌源对组织基因表达的影响

选用Avine肉用仔鸡作为试验对象 ,饲喂硫酸锌和蛋氨酸锌 2种锌源。采用银染差异显示技术进行差异基因的初步筛选。结果成功回收扩增差异条带 2 6条 ;其中加锌组 (硫酸锌组和蛋氨酸锌组 ) 2 3条 ,3条为缺锌组所特有。在加锌组的 2 3条中 ,6条为蛋氨酸锌组所特有 ,1 3条为硫酸锌组所特有 ,其余 4条为 2组所共有。这些初步筛选得到的差异基因尚需进一步进行克隆、测序和杂交进行验证。     

不同锌源对断奶小鼠生长及机体抗氧化能力的影响

选用断奶小鼠72只作为研究对象,随机分为3组(对照组,硫酸锌组和蛋氨酸锌组),每组设4个重复。测定体重、组织锌含量及相关生理生化指标,以研究硫酸锌、蛋氨酸锌2种不同锌供给形式对机体的生长效应及抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,硫酸锌组和蛋氨酸锌组均能不同程度地提高小鼠体重,蛋氨酸锌组小鼠体重显著高于对照组与硫酸锌组(P<0.05)。饲粮中添加硫酸锌可提高小鼠肝脏和血清中的锌含量(P>0.05);蛋氨酸锌组小鼠肝脏和血清锌含量高于对照组(P<0.05)及硫酸锌组(P>0.05)。2种锌源均显著提高碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSHPx)活性(P<0.05),不同锌源间无明显差异(P>0.05)。添加不同的锌源不同程度地提高总抗氧化能力(TAOC)、总SOD(TSOD)、铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZnSOD)活性(P<0.05),蛋氨酸锌组TAOC、TSOD显著高于硫酸锌组(P<0.05)。添加锌显著降低NO含量(P<0.05),蛋氨酸锌效果显著强于硫酸锌(P<0.05);一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性表现出与NO相反的趋势(P>0.05)。     

P10B抗菌肽和硫酸小檗碱对肉鸡源大肠杆菌的体外联合抗菌作用研究

为了解P10B抗菌肽与硫酸小檗碱联合抗菌作用,进行P10B抗菌肽与硫酸小檗碱联用的体外抑菌试验。试验菌株为20株肉鸡源大肠杆菌菌株。采用微量肉汤稀释法测定P10B与硫酸小檗碱对大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度;棋盘稀释法测定两个药的分级抑菌浓度指数,判断联合抗菌效果。结果表明,在联合药敏试验中,两药呈协同作用的占10%,呈相加作用的占85%,呈无关作用的占5%。平均分级抑菌浓度指数为0.825,两种药联和用药效应主要表现为累加作用。     

More evidence that anaerobic oxidation of methane is prevalent in soils: Is it time to upgrade our biogeochemical models?

Estimating future fluxes of CH₄ between land and atmosphere requires well-conceived process-based biogeochemical models. Current models do not represent the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in land surface soils, in spite of increasing evidence that this process is widespread. Our objective was to determine whether AOM, or potential AOM, commonly occurs in 20 hydromorphic soils spanning a wide range of chemical properties. Bulk soil samples were collected under shallow water near the shoreline of 15 recently drained fish ponds in southern Bohemia (Czech Republic), as well as from below the water table at 3 peatland locations in northeast Scotland and 2 acid sulfate soils on the southern coast of Finland. Each soil slurry was incubated under both oxic and anoxic conditions, with or without the addition of alternative electron acceptors (SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻) or H₂PO₄⁻. Here, “oxic” and “anoxic” conditions refer to anoxic soil respectively incubated in a headspace containing air or argon. Using the isotope dilution method, we determined the gross production and oxidation rates of CH₄ after 2 days incubation under oxic headspace conditions, and after 2, 21 and 60 days incubation under anoxic conditions. Large differences in net CH₄ fluxes were observed between soil types and between incubation conditions. AOM was detected in each of the 20 bulk soil samples, which spanned >6 pH units and 2 orders of magnitude in organic C content. Significant positive relationships were found between AOM and gross CH₄ production rates under anoxic conditions, resulting in AOM rates that were sometimes higher than CH₄ oxidation rates under oxic headspace conditions. There was no relationship between net and gross CH₄ production rates, such that 2 soil types could display similar low net rates, yet conceal very large differences in gross rates. The effects of alternative electron acceptors on AOM were idiosyncratic and resulted in no net trend. We did find, however, a negative effect of SO₄²⁻ and H₂PO₄⁻ on gross CH₄ production rates under anoxic and oxic conditions respectively. Under oxic headspace conditions, CH₄ oxidation was related to soil organic C content. Taken collectively, our results suggest that AOM, or potential AOM, is prevalent over a wide range of soil types, that AOM may contribute substantially to CH₄ oxidation in soils, and that AOM in soils should be integrated to current process-based CH₄ cycling models.     

施肥方式对沃柑果实产量和外观品质的影响

为验证沃柑测土配方施肥的效果,推进化肥减量增效,探究有机肥、中微量元素肥料与化肥配施对沃柑果实产量和外观品质的效应,在沃柑园设置随机区组小区精确试验,试验处理包括当地习惯施肥、测土配方推荐施肥、优化施肥、优化施肥兼叶面喷施0.2%硼酸、优化施肥兼叶面喷施0.05%钼酸铵、优化施肥兼叶面喷施4%硫酸镁。结果表明,测土配方推荐施肥相较于习惯施肥增产效果显著。在同等养分施用量的情况下,用有机肥代替部分化肥处理与全化肥处理比较产量无显著差异,但前者比后者增效4.03%。在土壤交换性镁贫乏的情况下,沃柑叶面施镁可以获得极显著而稳定的增产效果。在土壤不缺硼的情况下,叶面施硼可能无效。在土壤有效钼不足时沃柑叶面施钼能够增产,但连年施用效果不稳定。由此可见,伴随果实外观品质的提升,化肥减量增效在沃柑生产上是可行的;沃柑施肥的增产潜力较大,如果配方和选材得当,可以发挥更大效益。     

硫酸铜对泥鳅精子活力的影响

以泥鳅精子为受试材料,应用计算机辅助精子分析系统,研究硫酸铜(0.1、1、10 mg/L)对泥鳅的精子活力的影响.结果表明,在0 h试验组,0.1 mg/L的硫酸铜明显降低泥鳅精子运动速度,1 mg/L的硫酸铜对运动时间和速度产生显著抑制作用,10 mg/L的硫酸铜时运动百分数、运动时间和速度都产生明显影响(P<0.0...     

磷酸铵镁堆肥产品养分释放特性及其肥效研究

为了研究磷酸铵镁堆肥产品的氮磷养分释放特性及其肥效,分别采用土柱淋溶方法及盆栽试验研究了磷酸铵镁堆肥(MAPC)产品的氮磷养分释放特性及对油菜的肥效,并与普通化肥(CCH)、普通堆肥(CCO)、磷酸铵镁肥(MAP)3种肥料进行对比。结果表明:在整个淋溶过程中,CCH和MAPC处理淋溶液的总氮及总磷浓度均较其他处理高;MAP肥具有缓释性,且堆肥对其养分释放具有促进作用;CCO处理的养分释放最慢。在最后一次淋洗(即第5次)后,总氮及总磷养分浓度排序均为:CCHMAPCMAPCCO。盆栽试验18 d后油菜快速生长,且与对照(不施肥)处理相比,MAP和MAPC处理能显著提高油菜的株高及生物量。在45 d盆栽试验结束时,CCH、CCO、MAP和MAPC处理的生物量分别是对照处理的14.8、4.8、20.5倍和16.0倍。MAP处理能显著提高油菜的养分含量,TN和TP含量分别比对照提高了2.24 g·kg~(-1)和1.54 g·kg~(-1)。研究表明,4种肥料均可改善油菜的生长发育情况,且MAP和MAPC的肥效优于CCH和CCO,在堆肥中利用鸟粪石结晶原理可固定部分氮磷元素,提高堆肥产品肥效。     

硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾对土壤酶活性及桃幼树生长的影响

为探究硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾对桃树生长的效应,以盆栽一年生瑞蟠21号毛桃(Amygdalus persica Linn.)为试验材料,设置3种不同施肥方式(T1:硅钙钾镁;T2:硅钙钾镁+黄腐酸钾;CK:空白对照),在桃幼树生长季进行追肥处理,研究硅钙钾镁肥及硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾对土壤酶活性、土壤养分状况及桃幼树根系构型和植株生长的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,T1、T2均显著提高了桃幼树生长季各时期土壤酸性磷酸酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性,以及土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有效硅等含量,且配施黄腐酸钾后作用更明显。与CK相比,T1、T2细根比重分别提高了11.2%和26.2%,根系活力分别提高了12.2%和18.1%,根系总长度分别增加了28.1%和61.9%,且有效延缓了根系衰老;T1、T2植株总干重分别提高了1.2倍和2.0倍,根冠比分别提高了9.4%和17.0%,且差异显著。与CK相比,T1、T2各器官中全氮、全磷、全钾含量均显著增加,地上部硅含量分别提高了61.3%和91.9%,地下部硅含量分别提高了62.3%和102.5%,且差异显著。同时,T1、T2桃幼树叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率均显著提高。综上所述,硅钙钾镁肥可有效提高土壤酶活,促进桃幼树细根的生长,延缓根系衰老进程,增加氮、磷、钾、硅等营养元素积累量,提高叶片光合速率,促进植株生长;硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾后,提高了土壤有效硅及植株硅含量,比单施硅钙钾镁肥效果更加显著。本研究结果为桃树合理施用硅钙钾镁肥提供了理论依据。